8/31/2023 0 Comments Codename cure controllerAmong infants and children aged <2 years, meningococcal disease can have nonspecific symptoms. Other presentations (e.g., septic arthritis) also occur. An additional 15% of meningococcal disease cases in the United States, primarily among adults >65 years of age, present as bacteremic pneumonia. Meningococcemia often involves hypotension, acute adrenal hemorrhage, and multiorgan failure. Symptoms of meningococcemia can include abrupt onset of fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and a petechial or purpuric rash, which can progress to purpura fulminans. Without rapid treatment, fatality rates can be much higher.Īpproximately 30% of people with meningococcal disease present with meningococcal sepsis, known as meningococcemia. Meningococcal disease progresses rapidly and has a case-fatality rate of 10%–15%, even with antimicrobial drug treatment. Meningococcal meningitis is characterized by sudden onset of headache, fever, and neck stiffness, sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or altered mental status. Meningococcal disease generally occurs 1–10 days after exposure and presents as meningitis in ≈50% of cases in the United States. The Hajj pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia also has been associated with outbreaks of meningococcal disease among returning pilgrims and their contacts, including 4 cases in travelers from the United States during a large Hajj-associated outbreak in 2000. Unvaccinated travelers visiting meningitis belt countries and having prolonged contact with local populations during an epidemic are at greatest risk for meningococcal disease. In meningitis belt countries, high rates of disease are seen in people ≤30 years old the highest rates are in children and adolescents aged 5–14 years. Outside the meningitis belt, infants, adolescents, and adults >80 years of age have the highest rates of disease. With the introduction of a monovalent serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac) in the region starting in 2010, however, recent meningococcal outbreaks in the meningitis belt have primarily been caused by serogroups C and W serogroup X outbreaks also have been reported. Historically, outbreaks in the meningitis belt were primarily due to serogroup A. By contrast, rates of disease in Australia, Europe, South America, and the United States range from 0.10–2.4 cases per 100,000 population per year.Īlthough meningococcal disease outbreaks can occur anywhere in the world, they are most common in the African meningitis belt, where large-scale epidemics occur every 5–12 years. Meningococcal disease is hyperendemic in this region, and periodic epidemics during the dry season (December–June) reach an incidence of up to 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. meningitidis is found worldwide, but incidence is greatest in the “meningitis belt” of sub-Saharan Africa ( Map 5-01). Asymptomatic carriage is transient and typically affects ≈5%–10% of the population at any given time. Both asymptomatic carriers and people with overt meningococcal disease can be sources of infection. Meningococci spread through respiratory secretions and require close contact for transmission. The 6 major meningococcal serogroups associated with disease are A, B, C, W, X, and Y. Meningococci are classified into serogroups based on the composition of their capsular polysaccharide. Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative diplococcus bacterium. A clinical laboratory certified in moderate complexity testing state health department Infectious Agent
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |